Open Access and the German Academic System: Common Perspectives of the Alliance of Research  Organisations / By the Working Group of the Open Access Commissioners of the Alliance of Research Organisations

开放获取与德国学术系统：研究组织联盟的共同愿景 / 研究组织联盟开放获取委员会工作小组

An important step in implementing the principle of Open Access in Germany was the ‘Berlin Declaration’ which was adopted following a conference hosted by the Max Planck Society on 22 October 2003. Amongst the first to sign were the presidents of the seven large German academic organisations: the German Rectors’ Conference (Hochschulrektorenkonferenz), the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG), the German Science Council (Wissenschaftsrat), the Max Planck Society (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft), the Fraunhofer Society (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft), the Helmholtz Association (Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft) and the Leibniz Association (Leibniz-Gemeinschaft).
“柏林宣言”是德国实行开放获取原则的重要一步，2003年10月22日马普学会主办的会议结束后，通过此宣言。首批签署者包括7个德国大型学术组织的领导：德国大学校长会议（Hochschulrektorenkonferenz）、德国研究基金会（Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG）、德国科学理事会（Wissenschaftsrat）、马普学会（Max-Planck-Gesellschaft）、弗劳恩霍夫学会（Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft）、赫尔姆霍茨协会（Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft）和莱布尼茨协会（Leibniz- Gemeinschaft）。

A joint working group of these seven alliance organisations regularly discusses the prospects of Open Access in the individual organisations and in the German academic world. The degree of implementation of the Open Access principle varies depending on the structure and tasks of the organisations. They all have the common goal of supporting the transition to Open Access and allowing a productive handling of openly accessible research results. A number of measures are supposed to contribute towards achieving a comprehensive and freely accessible representation of knowledge.
这七个联盟组织成立联合工作小组，定期讨论开放获取在各组织内及德国学术界的前景。开放获取原则的实施程度，视组织的结构和任务而有所不同。它们有共同的目标，支持过渡至开放获取，并允许积极处理开放获取研究成果。已提出若干措施，支持达到全面和自由地获取知识的表达。

Approaching academics••••
接近学术界

Scientists and scholars, as the producers of high-quality information, are central to the Open Access debate. Only if the best publications are also freely accessible via the Internet, will they be able to achieve their full potential. Therefore, scientists and scholars should not just be offered an Open Access infrastructure which they can use to publish their research results; they should also be informed about their technical, organisational and legal options. Higher education institutions, research organisations and research sponsors should create incentives to make Open Access publishing even more attractive, and ascertain whether and to what extent they can obligate their scientists to use this form of publication.
作为高质量信息生产者的科学家和学者，是开放获取讨论的中心。只有当最好的出版物也能通过因特网自由获取，他们才能够发挥其潜能。因此，科学家和学者不仅应当获得开放获取基础设施，可出版其研究成果，而且也应该获知技术、组织和法律方面的选择。高等教育机构、研究组织和研究资助者，应创造激励机制，让开放获取出版更具吸引力，同时也要确定是否可以责成其科学家利用这种出版形式，以及可以用到什么程度。


Involving scholarly associations•••••••••••••
参与学会

Different areas of science and scholarship have different publishing habits as well as different methods of assessing research contributions. By including scholarly societies and associations in the development of an Open Access publication culture, these differences can be accommodated.
不同领域的科学和学术界有不同的出版习惯，也有不同的评估研究贡献的方法。将学会与协会纳入开放获取学术出版文化的发展，这些差异就会互相适应。


Recognising publication costs as research costs ••••••••
视出版费用为研究费用

One of the prerequisites for Open Access is the coverage of publication costs. Publication costs are research costs and thus must be firmly anchored in the budget of every research endeavour. These means should preferably be used for the authors’ fees of Open Access journals or hybrid publications. By paying a publication fee they make the contributions that would ordinarily require a licence, freely accessible.
开放获取的先决条件之一，是承受其出版费用。出版费用即研究费用，因此必须坚定地把出版费用纳入每项研究预算之中，最好用于支付作者的开放获取期刊或混合出版物的费用。通过支付出版费，可以使通常需取得许可的出版物，得以免费获取。


Ensuring quality••••••••••
保证质量

Since Open Access publications are accessible for every Internet user, they are, in theory, subject to critical assessment of the worldwide academic community. Exploiting new forms of review, such as the open peer review, offers a means of sustained quality assurance. Open Access journals in particular should take advantage of this in order to increase their acceptance in the community.
由于开放获取出版物可供每个因特网用户获取，理论上经受全球学术界的严格考评。开发新的评审形式，如开放式同行评审，提供了一种持续性的质量保证。特别是开放获取期刊运用这一优势，以提高其被社区的接受度。


Network publishing••••••
网络出版

The Internet offers the possibility of networking the data and sources that underlie a piece of academic research with the actual publication in a multitude of ways. This makes discovery processes easier to understand. At the same time, the integration of primary sources into publications makes a contribution to quality assurance in the spirit of good academic practice.
因特网提供新的可能，将一项学术研究中的数据及来源，以多样化的方式，在网络上出版。这使得研究的发现过程更容易理解，同时，将原始材料整合入出版物，有助于在学术实践层面提供质量保证。


Identifying models•••••••
辨识模式

It has long been routine for many scientists to make their own research results available as Open Access publications. As the Dutch ‘Cream of Science’ project has shown, an information platform giving free access to publications by leading German scientists such as Nobel Prize and Leibniz Prize winners could be used for targeted advertising of this new form of publication.
长期以来，许多科学家把自己的研究成果作为开放获取出版物。如荷兰的“科学奶油”（Cream of Science）计划所示，一个信息平台，用于自由获取重要德国科学家如诺贝尔奖和莱布尼兹奖获得者的出版物，可用作此新出版形式的定向广告。


The legal base•••••••••••
法律基础

For publications created within the context of teaching and research activity largely financed with public funds, a simple, non-commercial right of use or exploitation should be granted  to academics and their institutions. This will  ensure that research results can be viewed, for the most part, without obstacles.
在教学与研究活动中形成的出版物，大部分受到公共资助，因此，应该授予学者及其所属机构对此加以利用及开发的简单、非商业权利，这将确保研究成果在最大程度上无障碍地为各方知晓。


Supporting transformation processes ••••••••••••
支持转型过程

The mere distribution of research results at minimal cost via the Internet poses a particular challenge for academic publishing. The only possible reaction to this is the creative design of the academic information space: discipline-specific value-added services must be developed on the basis of freely accessible publications in order to support work with digital information in an efficient manner.
仅以通过因特网、以最低成本传播研究成果而言，对学术出版就构成特殊的挑战。唯一可能的反应，是创新设计学术信息空间：在自由获取出版物的基础上，发展特定学科的增值服务，以有效地运用数字信息支持工作。

Korinna Bauer, Helmholtz Association
Michael Erben-Russ, Fraunhofer Society
Johannes Fournier, German Research Foundation
Ralf Schimmer, Max Planck Society
Elmar Schultz, German Rectors’ Conference
Robert Steegers, Leibniz Association
克琳娜·鲍尔（赫尔姆霍茨协会）
麦可·尔本-罗斯（弗劳恩霍夫学会）
约翰尼斯·傅尼埃（德国研究基金会）
罗夫·斯梅尔（马普学会）
爱尔玛·舒兹（德国大学校长会议）
罗伯特·斯蒂格斯（莱布尼兹协会）

p. 88-90

Open Access: Opportunities and challenges. A handbook [开放获取 : 机会及挑战] / European Commission, German Commission for UNESCO. -- Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2008. -- 144 p., 14.8 x 21.0 cm. -- ISBN 978-92-79-06665-8. -- EUR 23459, http://tinyurl.com/3q8wo5