Libraries and Open Access / By Claudia Lux, President of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
图书馆与开放获取 / 克劳迪娅·卢克斯（国际图书馆协会联合会主席）

Libraries aim to ensure free access to global knowledge for all citizens, and particularly to education, science and scholarship. In order to achieve this they obtain a selection of the academically relevant publications and store them for future use and unrestricted access. This selection reflects the plurality and diversity of science, scholarship and society, and is in accordance with the specific needs of its current and future users.
图书馆致力于确保所有公民皆能自由获取全球的知识，特别是教育、科学和学术知识。为了实现此一目标，图书馆选择性地取得并收藏相关学术出版物，以备将来使用和无限制地获取。此种选择反映科学、学术和社会的多元性与多样性，并且据以响应现在及未来用户的特定需求。

Traditional free access to printed books: The library purchases the book with a one-off payment, and the reader can then borrow it for free and as many times as desired. The library stores it for further use. This is economical and effective. Other printed materials such as articles in academic journals are used within the library, or copies are made for research work at home. If students and scientists need specific literature it can be ordered from other libraries through electronic catalogues with Internet library tickets. All in all, a simple system.
传统的自由获取印本书籍，是图书馆一次性付款采购图书，读者随后可以免费地多次借用。图书馆收藏以供未来之用，这是经济且有效的。学术期刊论文等其它印本资料，限于图书馆内使用，或提供副本供读者在家研究之用。若学生和科学家需要其它图书馆的特定文献，可经由电子目录，通过因特网向其它图书馆借阅。总而言之，一个简单的系统。

This has changed. Besides printed publications, libraries now buy content in the form of e-books and electronic journals. In contrast to printed books, these may not be stored in the library permanently and made available to users over and over again. Libraries can only provide access within the library or on a university campus as long as they pay the licence fee regularly. Readers are allowed to ‘borrow’ e-books by downloading them from the Web. They can then be used for a limited amount of time until they automatically become unusable.
这种情况已经改变。除了印本出版物之外，图书馆现在以电子图书和电子期刊的形式购买内容。与印本图书迥异的是，它们没有永久保存在图书馆，可供用户一再使用。图书馆定期缴纳许可费后，只能在图书馆内或大学校园内提供访问。读者可以经由网页下载“借阅”电子图书，只能在有限的时间内使用，随后就自动变成不可用。

Students want to be able to electronically access academic literature that they cannot obtain on the spot, or they want to receive it via email. The quick and efficient delivery system of libraries for printed works will be severely impaired by the impending copyright for electronic publications. Libraries want to see a change in this area: it has to become possible to make electronic publications available to users in the same way as printed works are.
学生希望能以电子方式获取不在现场的学术文献，或者通过电子邮件收到它们。图书馆快速和有效的印本作品传递系统，受到电子出版物版权的严重损害。图书馆希望看到这方面有所改变，可以使电子出版物象印本作品一样向用户提供。

Licences have suddenly become vastly more expensive. Many university libraries are thus no longer able to obtain them to a sufficient degree in order to supply their scientists and scholars. Some licences are not even offered to them in the first place because the publisher has set up an exclusive, fee-based direct system. A breakthrough for selected academic literature only has been made through national licences, which are free of charge for academic institutions, and are obtained with the support of the German Research Foundation. However, they cover nowhere near all of the relevant areas and publications. Many important electronic full-text databases for the natural sciences, technology and medicine are extremely expensive and so scientists with a small budget can no longer afford access to current knowledge.
许可突然变得极为昂贵。许多大学图书馆因此不再有能力取得足够的信息，以服务其科学家和学者。某些许可甚至从一开始就不提供给图书馆，因为出版社采取排他性的直接收费系统。特定的学术文献只能经由全国许可取得，学术机构可以免费使用，德国研究基金会对此提供支持。然而，他们不可能覆盖所有相关领域和出版物。许多自然科学、技术和医学的重要电子全文数据库极其昂贵，因而预算少的科学家不再能获得最新知识。

It is beyond comprehension that access to publicly-funded research results is re-purchased with public funds. Libraries no longer want access to the scientific results of their own university through expensive licences: they are demanding Open Access to these works. They also want to store them for permanent availability. For this reason they are setting up their own digital repositories in their universities and institutes. The result is a growing collection of electronic academic publications by university members, which are enriched with further Open Access materials.
公共资助完成的研究成果，要由公共基金再出钱购买才能获取，这是无法理解的。图书馆不想再通过昂贵的许可来获取自己大学的科学成果，他们要求开放获取这些作品，他们也想保存使之永久可用。为此，他们正在其大学及机构内，建立自己的数字典藏库，其结果是，越来越多的馆藏由大学成员的电子学术出版物构成，进而丰富着开放获取资料。

From both a German and an international perspective, Open Access is necessary in order to overcome the digital divide in our society. The December 2003 declaration of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) on Open Access (IFLA Statement on Open Access to Scholarly Literature and Research Documentation http://www.ifla.org/V/cdoc/open-access04.html) points to the significance of the global network of services provided by libraries to ensure access to scientific literature from the past, present and future. Libraries guarantee this access permanently through electronic long-term archiving and help users find and access these materials.
从德国和国际的角度来看，开放获取是克服社会上数字鸿沟的必要手段。2003年12月，国际图书馆协会联合会（IFLA）发布对开放获取的声明《国际图书馆协会联合会对开放获取学术文献与研究文件的声明》（http://www.ifla.org/V/cdoc/open-access04.html）， 指出由图书馆提供全球服务网络，确保获取过去、现在及未来的科学文献的重要性。通过电子的长期存档，图书馆保证协助用户发现并永久获取这些资料。

Open Access allows libraries to make academically relevant publications available in a lasting manner and at any time. Libraries are working towards this development. It is their contribution to education, research and science and their way of ensuring that everyone can participate in global knowledge.
开放获取让图书馆以持续的方式、在任何时间都能提供相关的学术出版物。这是图书馆对教育、研究和科学的贡献，确保每个人都能参与全球的知识发展。

p. 91-92
Open Access: Opportunities and challenges. A handbook [开放获取 : 机会及挑战] / European Commission, German Commission for UNESCO. -- Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2008. -- 144 p., 14.8 x 21.0 cm. -- ISBN 978-92-79-06665-8. -- EUR 23459, http://tinyurl.com/3q8wo5